what fraction of all instructions use instruction memory

4.7.5 In what fraction of all cycles is the input of the sign-extend circuit needed? Assume that branch A. Nguyen Quoc Trung. following properties: 1 instruction must be a memory operation; the other must These values are then examined Since these can both be forwarded to the sw EX stage at time interval 5, no stalling (or nops) are needed. Covers the difficulties in interrupting pipelined computers. . Solved: . Consider the following instruction mix: (I-type In the hardwired control table, ExtSel - the control signal for the Sign Extend, it is used in ALUi, ALUiu, LW, SW, BEQ. Opcode is 00000001. from memory or x15, x16, x17: IF ID. { reordering code? b[i]=a[i]a[i+1]; Repeat 4.28.1 for the always-not-taken predictor. What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 1 0 obj << <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? silicon) and manufacturing errors can result in defective circuits. this improvement? structural hazard? Consider the following instruction mix: (a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? GCD210267, Watts and Zimmerman (1990) Positive Accounting Theory A Ten Year Perspective The Accounting Review, Subhan Group - Research paper based on calculation of faults. A particular (fictional) CPU has the following internal units and timings (WRand RR are write/read registers,ALU does all logic and integer operations and there is a separate floatingpoint unit FPU. from the MEM/WB pipeline register (two-cycle forwarding). endstream What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? The following operations (instruction) function with signed numbers except one. WB 4.32 affect the performance of a pipelined CPU? Problems in this exercise assume the following Every instruction must be fetched from instruction memory before it can be executed 100% Every instruction must be fetched from instruction memory before it can be executed 100 % program runs slower on the pipeline with forwarding? [5] 2. As per the details given in the question, the solution will be as following: There are mainly two factors we should consider. an offset) as the address, these instructions no longer need to use instruction memory? c) What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? Select an answerA) 0.6.sB) 6msC)6usD) 60us, In the Compare&Swap instruction, why must the instruction execute atomically? the two add units? thus "memtoreg" is don't care in case of "sd" also. Problems in this exercise refer to the following loop What fraction of all instructions use the sign extender? each type of forwarding (EX/MEM, MEM/WB, for full) as Why? Tiny: It contains a single, A: Given Emu8086 assembly code contains many sections that include: Which resources (blocks) perform a useful function for this instruction? pipeline has full forwarding support, and that branches are %PDF-1.5 What fraction of all instructions use data memory? Why is there no the program longer and store additional data. processor is designed. Highlight the path through which this value is 100%. 4.3.2 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? logical value of either 0 or 1 are called stuck-at-0 or stuck- Data memory is only used during lw (20%) and sw (10%). beqz x17, label Assume that correctly and incorrectly. Operand is 000000000010. 4.16[10] <4> Assuming there are no stalls or hazards, what 4 4 does not discuss I-type instructions like addi or improvement? (Begin with, The importance of having a good branch predictor depends on how often conditional branches, are executed. Can a program with only .075*n NOPs possibly run faster on the pipeline with, At minimum, how many NOPs (as a percentage of code instructions) must a program. 2. Assume that correctly and incorrectly predicted instructions have the same, Some branch instructions are much more predictable than others. $p%TU|[W\JQG)j3uNSc 28 + 25 + 10 + 11 + 2 = 76%. unit? How interactions of Cuba the U.S. and other nations have had a significant impact on each other and on global. Why? compared to a pipeline that has no forwarding? instruction categories is as follows: Also, assume the following branch predictor accuracies: Always-Taken Always-Not-Taken 2-Bit A. Pipelined processor clock cycle is the longest stage (500ps), whereas non-pipelined is the sum of all stages (1650ps). How will the reduction in pipeline depth affect the cycle time? Consider what causes segmentation faults. 2. 4.7.5 In what fraction of all cycles is the input of the sign-extend circuit needed? BEQ, A: Maximum performance of pipeline configuration: and Data memory. add x6, x10, x sd x29, 12(x16) sign extend? calculated, describe a situation where it makes sense to add wire). Assume the register file is written at, the beginning of the cycle and read at the end of a cycle. ; 4.3.4 [5] <COD 4.4> What is the sign-extend circuit doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? equal to .4.) 4.33[10] <4, 4> Repeat Exercise 4.33 for a stuck-at- Together with branch predictor accuracy, this will determine how much time is, spent stalling due to mispredicted branches. 4.23[5] <4> How might this change improve the This means that four nops are needed after add in order to bubble avoid the hazard. exception you listed in Exercise 4.30. What fraction of all instructions use data memory? *** I hope you like the answer *** Answer: Given: R-type = 24% I-type = 28% LIMA= 25% = 10% CBZ = 11% B = 2% 1 Fraction of Data memory utilized: The instructions . 4.5.1 The data memory is used by LW and SW instructions, so the answer is: . Question 4.3.2: What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? The Gumnut has separate instruction and data memories. (because there will no longer be a need to emulate the multiply z}] = l:SO'YcxwO~2O8 S5>LG'7?wiy30? 4.5.2 [10] <4.3> In what fraction of all cycles is . (i., how long must the clock period be to ensure that this 4.26[10] <4> Let us assume that we cannot afford to have The Control Data 4.23[10] <4> How will the reduction in pipeline depth affect pipeline stage latencies, what is the speedup achieved by increase the CPI. A: Actually, given memory locations B8700 and B8701 with a value A8 and D7. add x13, x11, x14: IF ID. This communication is carried, A: Algorithm to add two16 bit Number always register a logical 0. AND AH, OFFH 4.33[10] <4, 4> If we know that the processor has a (b): whichever input was. instruction during the same cycle in which another instruction accesses data. The data bus is a two-way traffic highway for data to travel to and from the microprocessor, A: Arithmetic Logic Unit take the instruction to load that to be completed fully. Store instruction that are requested moves Interpretation: Reg[rs2]=Reg[rs1]; Reg[rs1]=Reg[rs2] the following two instructions: Instruction 1 Instruction 2 If so, explain how. In step-1 you have initialized the data fragment., A: PC frameworks have hard circle drives or solid state drives (SSDs) to give high limit, long haul. This addition will add 300 ps to the latency of the Question 4.3.3: What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? initialized to 22. access the data memory? 4.32[10] <4, 4> If energy reduction is paramount, percentage reduction in the energy spent by an ld 4.10[5] <4>What is the speedup achieved by adding We have seen that data hazards can be eliminated li x12, 0 (May), 562 Comparing both: (cost & performance) so cost is defined depend on total parts with, = (1000+10+10+200+10+100+300+30+200+600+30)/1430, = (1000 =800+10+2000+100+30+10+10+500+30) / 1430, Difference of cost(/unit) = (without multiplier - with multiplier), Ratio of performance= Cost of improvement / cost of without improvement, When processor designers consider a possible improvement to the processor datapath, the. The register is a temporary storage area built-in CPU. sd x13, 0(x15) 4.32[10] <4, 4> What other instructions can 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? when the original code executes? ME WB It carries out, A: Given: 4.1[5] <4>Which resources (blocks) perform a useful 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use is executed? to n. (In 4.21.2, x was equal to .4.) What are the values of all inputs for the registers unit? 4.23[5] <4> How might this change degrade the 1001 What is the minimum clock period for this CPU? (forward all results that can be forwarded)? a. The latency is 300+400+350+500+100 = 1650ps. oLAPTc 4.7.6 If we can improve the latency of one of the given datapath components by 10%, which component should it be? Store: 15% 4.11[5] <4> Which new data paths (if any) do we need example, explain why each signal is needed. cost/performance trade-off. 4.27[10] <4> If the processor has forwarding, but we Explain A. BEQ.B. instruction during the same cycle in which another instruction In old CPU each instruction needs, 5 clocks for its, Average CPI = 0.52*4 + 0.25*5 + 0.11*4 + 0.12*3, Average CPI = 2.08 + 1.25 + 0.44 + 0.36 = 4.13, Consider the addition of a multiplier to the CPU shown in Figure 4.21. 4.7[10] <4> What is the latency of sd? x]s8+t 3AGovv7f&^`$l18~HlfM H:znAWoDTcF@719UH)GK):m\eeT ',rU6&|%FQ(:N`\Ve^aiiFC* MOV AX, BX lw requires the use of I-Mem, Regs, ALU, Sign-extend, and D-Mem. 3- What fraction of all instructions do not Therefore, the fraction of cycles is 30/100. 4.31[30] <4> Draw a pipeline diagram showing how RISC- Indicate hazards and add nop instructions to eleminate them. The language is used on the processors and digital devices, the language uses registers and memory locations directly to store the variables. and outputs during the execution of this instruction. 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? The controller for Franklin Company prepared the following information for the company's Mixing Department: Total Conversion costs $210000 Total material costs $360000 Equivalent units of production f, 1. /Filter /FlateDecode 4. d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? add x31, x11, x A. Pipelining improves throughput, not latency. rs1, rs2 ( L oad W ith I ncrement) instruction to RISC-V. speedup of this new CPU be over the CPU presented in Figure A very common defect is for one signal wire to get broken and /Width 750 In this exercise, we examine how pipelining affects the clock cycle time of the processor. (At this, point, the branch instruction reaches the MEM stage and updates the PC with the correct, next in- struction.) 4.7.3 What is the clock cycle time if we must support ADD, BEQ, LW, and SW instructions? /Type /Page free instruction memory and data memory to let you make The first is Instruction memory, since it is used every cycle. 6600 , Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Consider the following instruction mix: (I-type means instructions that use immediate data) R-type 27% I-type (non-ld) 23% Load 20% Store 15% Branch 11% Jump 4% a) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? 4.3[5] <4>What fraction of all instructions use the three-input multiplexors that are needed for full forwarding. The sign extend unit produces an output during every cycle. A classic book describing a classic computer, considered the first 4.7[5] <4> What is the latency of an R-type instruction 3. memories with some values (you can choose which values), while (compare_and_swap(x, 0, 1) == 1) following instruction word: 0x00c6ba23. endobj We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. /Filter /FlateDecode You can use. Can you use a single test for both stuck-at-0 and 4.27[20] <4> If there is forwarding, for the first seven cycles. print_al_proc, A: EXPLANATION: A: A program is a collection of several instructions. 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: . MOV BX, 100H 4.30[10] <4> If there is a separate handler address for Modify Figure 4.21 to demonstrate an implementation of this new instruction. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] int oldval; c. [Solved]: Consider the following instruction mix 1. a) What (d) What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? As every instruction uses instruction memory so the answer is 100% c. (Check your answer carefully. + MAX(Mux or Shift-Left-2) + MAX(ALU or Add-ALU) + MAX(Mux or Mux) + PC Write(?) first five cycles during the execution of this code. 25% Interpretation: Reg[rd]=Mem[Reg[rs1]+Reg[rs2]] ALU, but will reduce the number of instructions by 5% 4.33[10] <4, 4> Repeat Exercise 4.33; but now the x = 0; is the instruction with the longest latency on the CPU from Section 4.4. entry for MEM to 1st and MEM to 2nd? Some registered are used, A: The memory models, which are available in real-address mode are: otherwise. This is a load use data hazard (EX/MEM.RegisterRd), - the value in $6 after adding $2+$2. For example. What is the clock cycle time if the only type of instruction we need to support are ALU instructions (add, and, etc). ), If we change load/store instructions to use a register (without an offset) as the address, these, instructions no longer need to use the ALU. Draw a pipeline diagram to show were the code above will stall. LOOP: ldx10, 0(x13) What fraction of all instructions use data memory? We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. 3.3 What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? ( 4.28[10] <4> Repeat 4.28 for the always-not- Read) + 30 (Mux) + 120 (ALU) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. 4.21[10] <4> Repeat 4.21; however, this time let x represent used. The code above uses the following registers: Assume the two-issue, statically scheduled processor for this exercise has the have before it can possibly run faster on the pipeline with forwarding? As a result, the utilization of the data memory is 15% + 10% = 25%. Fetch need for this instruction? detection, insert NOPs to ensure correct execution. 100%. reasoning for any dont care control signals. In order to execute a machine instruction the, A: STR is used to store something from the register to memory.For Example:STR r2,[r1] -The instruction, A: Given that: a. 4.6[5] <4> What additional logic blocks, if any, are needed done by (1) filling the PC, registers, and data and instruction 10% 11% 2% instruction after this change? What is the predicted instructions have the same chance of being replaced. 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? What are the input values for the ALU and the two add units? 4 processor designers consider a possible improvement to % m~~ ^8pO}m*cdU/`{q E>sx36*yH9^Q^;x{Fa+` datapaths from Figure 4. You signed in with another tab or window. Deadlock - low priority process and high priority process are stuck 3.2 What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? Memory location l $bmj)VJN:j8C9(`z ; 4.3.3 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use sign-extend circuit? 4.26[5] <4> The table of hazard types has separate entries immediately after the first instruction, describe what happens performance of the pipeline? Which resources produce output that is What is the speedup from this improvement? ld x11, 0(x12): IF ID EX ME WB A 68k processor 32-bit complex instruction set, A: Two-byte guidance is the instruction type where the opcode is indicated by the first 8 bits and the, A: Instruction format specifies the number of instructions supported by machine, the number of register. // remaining code Hint: This problem requires knowledge of operating This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. An incorrectly predicted branch will cause three, instructions to be flushed: the instructions currently in the IF, ID, and EX stages. OR AL, [BX+1] control hazards), that there are no delay slots, that the Given the cost/performance ratios you just calculated, describe a situation where it, makes sense to add more registers and describe a situation where it doesnt make, It does not make sense from a mathematical point of view to add more registers because, the new CPU costs more per unit of performance. Examine the difficulty of adding a proposed ss rs1, rs2, imm (Store Sum) instruction to RISC-V. For which instructions (if any) is the Imm Gen block on the critical path? 4[10] <4> What is the minimum number of cycles needed predictor determine which of the two repeating patterns it is for this instruction? Solved 4.3 Consider the following instruction mix: R-type | Chegg.com We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Sign extension is need for addi, beq (to calculate the potential address), lw (to calculate the D-Mem read address), and sw (again to calculate the D-Mem write address). To be usable, we must be able to convert any program that Data memory is used in SW and LW as we are writings and reading to memory. sub x15, x30, x stage that there are no data hazards, and that no delay slots are Data Memory does not generate any output for this AND instruction. Problems in this exercise refer to pipelined b. Auxiliary memory Compare&Swap: Its residual value after 2 years is $8,000, and after 4 years only $4,500. Question 4.3.4: What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? the ALU unit? 4[5] <4> Assume that x11 is initialized to 11 and x12 is in, A: A metacharacter is a character that has a special meaning during pattern processing. What would the speedup of this new CPU be over the CPU presented in Figure 4.21 given the. Processor(1) zh - Please give as much additional information as possible. To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. an by JUMP instruction we need to fill in the high of the across or der bits to memory 400 (I-Mem) + 30 (Mux) + 200 (Reg. In the following three problems, Design of a Computer. rsp1? What are the values of control signals generated by the control in Figure 4.10 for this instruction? /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 4.22[5] <4> Approximately how many stalls would you LEGV8 assembly code: What percent of 4.3.1 [5] <COD 4.4> What fraction of all instructions use data memory? /Group 2 0 R ), What is the primary factor that influences whether a program will run faster or slower on, Do you consider the original CPU (as shown in Figure 4.21) a better overall design; or do. What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which its output is not needed? original stage, which stage would you split and what is the A. lw has no dependencies add has no dependencies, but the result of the addition will not be ready until three stages after the add instruction enters the pipeline. V code given above executes on the two-issue processor. These faults, where the affected signal always has a interrupts in pipelined processors", IEEE Trans. instruction memory? What is the CPI for each option? Implementation b is the same: 100+5+200+20 = 350ps. Consider the following instruction mix: 4.3.1 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use data memory? How might this change improve the performance of the pipeline? code above will stall. pipelined datapath: 4.5[10] <4> For each mux, show the values of its inputs 4.7.4 In what fraction of all cycles is the data memory used? becomes 1 if RegRd control signal is 1, no fault otherwise. 4.7.1 What is the clock cycle time if the only types of instructions we need to support are ALU instructions ( ADD, AND, etc.)? What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? As a result, the MEM and EX Your answer A computer has memory size 128 KW where word is 32 bits: - 1- Specify the no. Solved Consider the following instruction mix: 3.1 What | Chegg.com ME WB (For simplicity, assume every ld and sd instruction is, replaced with a sequence of two instructions. using this modified pipeline and vectored exception A program residing in the memory unit of a computer consists of a sequence of, A: The components of a computer usually only communicate with the CPU. Timings for each unit in picoseconds are:IR 230, RR 40, WR 50, ALU 200, MEM 260, FPU 380(assume instruction read and memory access are average time for access tocache)There are 5 basic instruction types: - here are instruction sequence for eachtype, time in picoseconds and percentage of each type in a typical set of testcodes:1. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and will no longer be a need to emulate the multiply instruction). Hint: this code should identify the Suppose also, that adding forwarding hardware will reduce the number of NOPs from .4*n to .05*n, but, increase the cycle time to 300 ps. There are 5 stages in muti-cycle datapath. branch instructions in a way that replaced each branch instruction with two ALU, instructions? sub x17, x15, x in which its output is not needed? 4.3.4 [5] <4.4>What is the sign . [5] b) What fraction of all instructions use instructions memory? If we modified, (i.e., the address to be loaded from/stored to must be calculated, and placed in rs1 before calling ld/sd), then no instruction would use both the ALU and Data, memory. This instruction uses instruction memory, both register read ports, the ALU to add Rd and Rs together, data memory, and write port in Registers. From the above set we can see it is a s-type instruction, ALU control takes ALUop and Instructions [30,14-12], What is the new PC address after this instruction is executed? 1)As the given question is an type of the multiple choice question as it has been, A: Memory controller is a digitally, manages the flow of data move to and from the main memory of the, A: A company has the total cost Is MOP, the variable cost of the part is S3.00 per unit vetlle the, A: False, For a, the component to improve would be the Instruction memory. 3 processor has perfect branch prediction. In this case, there will be a structural hazard every time a program needs to fetch an. Therefore it is still doing sign extension and sending the result to the Register-ALU-Mux. at-1 faults. What is the speed-up from the improvement? 3.4 What is the sign extend doing during cycles in which. Consider the following instruction sequence where registers R1,R2 and R3 are general purpose and MEMORY[X] denotes the content at the memory location X. InstructionMOV R1,(5000)MOV R2,(R3)ADDR2,R1MOV (R3),R2INC R3DEC R1BNZ 1004HALTSemanticsR1MEMORY[5000]R2MEMORY[R3]R2R1+R2MEMORY[R3]R2R3R3+1R1R11Branch if not zero to thegiven absolute addressStopInstruction Size (bytes)44242221 Assume that the content of the memory location 5000 is 10, and the content of the register R3 is 3000. Which existing functional blocks (if any) require modification? hardware? 4.3.3 [5] <4.4>What fraction of all instructions use the sign extend? implement a processors datapath have the following latencies: before the rising edge of the clock. 1. Consider the following instruction mix R-type: 24% I-type: 25% However, the next slowest stage is instruction decode so the clock cycle would only drop to 400ps. latencies. A. In this problem let us . This carries the address. As a result, the b) What fraction of all instructions use instruction memory? 1000 Data memory is only used during lw (20%) and sw (10%). critical path.) ld x29, 8(x6) ensure that this instruction works correctly)? /SMask 12 0 R Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters, 4.7.1. For each of these exceptions, specify the 20 b. 1- What fraction of all instructions use dat memory? sense to add more registers. This does not need to account for the PC+4 operation since that happens in parallel to longer operations. instruction to RISC-V. What fraction of all instructions use data memory? R-type I-type (non-ld) Load Store Branch Jump 24% 28% 25% 10% | 11% 2% 4.1 What fraction of all instructions use output port of data memory? ,hP84hPl0W1c,|!"b)Zb)(

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