analyzing rhetorical strategies in presidential speeches assignment

You ask a lot of stupid questions. Kasich depicts the highest value leading clearly more toward action. Focusing on the USA, recent studies confirm these findings as, for example, using the State of the Union (Savoy, 2015a) or inaugural addresses (Kubt and Cech, 2016). electoral speeches, party manifestos, Web sites of the candidates, social networks information flow). To analyze the rhetoric and style of presidential writings, the first quantitative linguistics studies focused on the word usages and their frequencies. This is a good date to look at famous speeches and what they include and why. As shown in Table 1, Paul and OMalley correspond to the smallest values, both being present for a relatively short period of time during this electoral campaign. In a few words, Trump is able to talk not about a single but a few topics. Just after the announcement of his candidacy for President (16 June 2015), his candidacy was mainly viewed as marginal, without pertinent interest, and without a real future. <>/Metadata 515 0 R/ViewerPreferences 516 0 R>> There are four rhetorical appeals: ethos, kairos, logos, and pathos. What rhetorical devices aided the authors manipulation of his audience? To compute this value, the word types are ranked according to their absolute frequency, from the most frequent to the least frequent one. One can consider that electoral speeches delivered by the candidates correspond also to an oral communication form and thus can be included in our corpus. Obama uses rhetoric to achieve presenting his message of creating hope and change together in America while fixing the economic and social challenges and issues left behind from the previous president. "Since rhetoric is the art of effective communication, its principles can be applied to many facets of everyday life" (Lamb 109). Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. Decide whether you want to allow more than one student to analyze and write about the same speech in each class. The class should discuss audience and the importance of identifying the audience for speeches, since they occur in particular moments in time and are delivered to specific audiences. The presence of long sentences (OMalley, Clinton, Sanders) indicates a substantiated reasoning or specifies the presence of detailed explanations. 920. detects/vbz detect/vb). Determine the cost of goods sold for 210,000 units, assuming a FIFO cost flow, a. causes the effective price to sellers to increase, b. affects the welfare of buyers of the good but not the welfare of sellers, c. causes the equilibrium quantity of the good to decrease, d. creates a burden that is usually borne entirely by the sellers of the good. An antanagoge uses a negative and positive statement in one. endobj specifically the only three presidential speeches that have been designed for children. Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. O to explain why military action is necessary Some places to look for speeches include: American Rhetoric: This has lists of famous speeches with full text and audio/visual for most. But I watch you a lot. . More generally, Fig. analyze the effects of the rhetorical devices on the delivered speech. For the modern American president, the ability to be an effective public speaker can make all the difference in terms of the perception of the intelligence of any given commander-in-chief of the most powerful nation on earth. Grounded on this measure, one can compute the intertextual distance between all nine candidates. Here, rhetoric is defined as the art of effective and persuasive speaking, the way to motivate an audience, while language style is presented as pervasive and frequent forms used by an author for mainly esthetical value (Biber and Conrad, 2009). To avoid this problem, a better computation is provided in (Covington and McFall, 2010) or (Popescu, 2009), suggesting taking the moving average of TTR. Hillary appears more feminine than the other candidates, using more I than we, and showing a higher frequency in the category Human interest (e.g. O to rally the support of the American people for war. Professor Mercieca, thanks for talking with us. This research was supported, in part, by the NSF under Grant #200021_149665/1. The tone shifts throughout the selection. Even if pronouns are more frequent in dialogue or in oral form than in written communication (Biber and Conrad, 2009), the high frequency of I and we is a fundamental characteristic of political speech. Basic-level words tend to be short. Scholar Sonja K. Foss indicates the use of rhetoric is to communicate with one another in order to persuade, to facilitate understanding, to encourage change, and to tell us what reality is (Foss, 6). 1 0 obj Even if a long sentence is required, its length does not guarantee an easy understanding. . Select two options. PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP: He's walking out, like, with big high-fives, smiling, laughing. Ask students to research the history of the speech. It's important that we keep showing our students how powerful language can be when it's carefully crafted and arranged. A speech analysis is an evaluation of a speech. Help students find the author of the speech because this will challenge some students. We'll see. They should locate their speech and print a copy for them to begin annotating for argumentative structure and rhetorical devices. O It calls attention to the urgency of the message. Table 3 indicates that the percentage of BW varies from 18.3% (Trump) to 26.4% (Cruz, and Sanders). Useful for a wide variety of reading and writing activities, this outlining tool allows students to organize up to five levels of information. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Using the State of the Union addresses given by the Founding Fathers, this average value is 39.6 (with Madison depicting the highest MSL with 44.8 tokens/sentence). Single speeches. For example, G. W. Bush used more frequently the pronoun I, positive emotion words (e.g. And so you saw people sending pipe bombs to the media, you know, saying that Trump told them to do it. A conclusion draws the main findings of this study. COMM 1020 classes include a Great Speeches assignment, where you need to find and analyze an influential speech from history. To highlight the different styles adopted by the candidates, Biber and Conrad (2009) indicate that such a study should be based on ubiquitous and frequent forms. The full speech only took President Lincoln 6-7 minutes to read in its entirety. On the other hand, Bush, Paul, and, to a lesser extent, Cruz are closer to OMalleys PTC value, being able to present alternative formulations or covering more distinct subjects. You will . %PDF-1.7 Knowing that this matrix is symmetric and that the distance to itself is nil, we still have (81 9)/2 values. JENNIFER MERCIECA: Thank you for having me. Ready to begin? SHAPIRO: When you look in total at the changes that Trump has brought to presidential rhetoric, what do you see as the cumulative effect, especially right now when the U.S. is in a public health emergency, a reckoning about race and an inability to even agree on basic facts, like vaccines work or Biden won a free and fair election? happy, truly, win), and the future tense. Usually Senators (e.g. Note. Rhetoric can be defined as the ability to determine how to best communicate in a given situation. They then analyze the suggestions made by Galbraith and Stevenson and compare them to the delivered version of the speech. Both are preferring to repeat their arguments instead of introducing other subjects. Using the maximum likelihood principle, this probability is estimated as p(ti) = (tfi0 + tfi1)/n. To build Fig. Using also some lists of words, Hart (1984) has designed and implemented a political text analyzer called Diction. Me and the people? (They might be surprised at the answer. Le discours gouvernemental. Make sure your introduction includes a thesis sentence or purpose and previews the main points covered in the body. such as press releases; Labb and Monire, 2013). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of EADH. And so he'll say, you know, that's a dumb question. Even if Hillarys candidature appeared more natural, she needed to convince the Democrats and their sympathizers that she was the right person who can win the general election. Pine Creek Company completed 200,000 units during the year at a cost of $3,000,000. For example, from data depicted in Table 2, Trump, Clinton, and Sander prefers using I instead of we, while Kasich, OMalley, and Bush are using more frequently the pronoun we. Barnum, trying to, you know, redirect our attention and yet keep our attention all of the time. His writing is uses many analogies. This article has analyzed the style and the rhetoric used by the candidates during the 2016 US primary election. Splitting the vocabulary into two distinct parts is relatively known in stylistic (Damerau, 1975), authorship attribution (Argamon and Levitan, 2005; Stamatatos, 2009), or in quantitative linguistics studies (Tuzzi, 2010). Rhetorical strategies are also sometimes called rhetorical modes. No general theory specifies precisely the k value, but a value from 200 to 500 represents a pertinent choice justified by various studies (Savoy, 2015b). Some of the terms depicted in Table 6 give some indications about this aspect as, for example, IRS, tax, amnesty with Cruz, fossil, fuel, Wall, Street with Sanders. write an analysis of a speech with in-text documentation. They might not answer them, you know, as honestly as they could, but, you know, generally they would answer - give some kind of answer. Can one discover the rhetorical features that can explain a Trump or Clinton success? In the three sentences above, most of the words are less than six letters long (short words), and many of them are functional words (explaining his low LD). . The underlying idea is to quantify the activity by verbs while the descriptiveness of a text is represented by the proportion of adjectives. The same feature can be assigned to Sanders. The remaining variations can be largely explained by the speaker. Require students to write a graduation speech or a speech on another topic. Basic-level words are easily remembered; those messages will be best recalled that use basic-level language. (Lakoff and Wehling, 2012, p. 41). If a state does not appear in the drop-down, CCSS alignments are forthcoming. As one can see from his most specific terms and sentences, Cruzs concerns are related to a reform of the fiscal system, and the health care system. Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. To define an overall measurement of the style, various studies have proposed different measures. In the Republican party, the federal debt is debated by Rubio, and marginally by Kasich, and Paul. In the current study, the stylistic elements will be the words appearing in the functional words list (409 entries), and used previously in defining the LD measure. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963. All rights reserved. This aspect could be related to her first years at the White House as an overqualified First Lady who wanted to play a principal role in politics (e.g. He supports his claim by using massive amounts of parallel structure and strong word choice. Sur la variabilit de la frquence des formes dans un corpus, The Little Blue Book: The Essential Guide to Thinking and Talking Democratic, Extracting policy positions from political texts using words as data, Five trends in presidential rhetoric: an analysis of rhetoric from George Washington to Bill Clinton, Building a large annotated corpus of English: the Penn Treebank, Principes et Mthodes de Statistique Lexicale, Analysis of Phylogenetics and Evolution with R, The end of year addresses of the presidents of the Italian Republic (19482006): discourse similarities and differences, The Secret Life of Pronouns. 2, the intertextual distance is computed according to topical words, and no word used to draw Fig. One can complement this study by considering the terms ignored or used very infrequently in this primary election. Grounded on the MSL, LD, and BW indicators, one can see that Trump is adopting a more direct communication style, selecting simple words and producing short sentences. 3.3 Understanding the Writing Assignment; 3.4 Creating the Thesis; 3.5 Revising Your Draft(s) . The Eloquent Woman: contains famous and not-so-famous speeches by women on all sorts of issues as well as . Moreover, these examples demonstrate the frequent use of symploces (repetition of the same formulation, e.g. endobj Analysis, Pages 4 (864 words) Views. A few studies focus on the legislative level (e.g. <> In this figure, the longest distance (0.510) connects Paul and OMalley, and the second longest distance (0.496) links Trump to OMalley. 1 is present in the elaboration of Fig. His answers contain more nouns and names adopting a more descriptive rhetoric. family, man, person, etc.). The personal pronouns are depicted in bold. say, know, go, want), and the noun president. What did the author have to keep in mind when composing the text? Direct students to, Remind students that their work will be evaluate using the. Of course, one can raise the question of the speakers spontaneity because Donna Brazile, who worked for CNN, provided, at least once, prepared questions to Clinton before a debate. Barack Obama Inaugural Address: Analysis Introduction. Which type of appeal does Reagan use in this part of the speech? Theres always a story behind the composition of the speech.). This phenomenon appears in other languages and countries when analyzing electoral speeches as, for example, in France (Labb and Monire, 2008b). Read the excerpt from Franklin Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war. She did not like the press and the media and, in return, they do not like her much either. As demonstrated previously, Trump opted for a simple and direct communication style, preferring short sentences with simple words. For Cruz, the most significant words depicted in Table 6 have a clearer meaning when reading two of his most specific sentences. While drafting a literary analysis essay (or another type of argument) of their own, students work in pairs to investigate advice for writing conclusions and to analyze conclusions of sample essays. Recently, such distance matrices can be represented by a tree-based visualization method respecting approximately the real distances between all nodes (Baayen, 2008). The web-based communication (e.g. analyze a speech for rhetorical devices and their purpose. Hillary Clinton can also be characterized by a large use of the pronoun I (fourth most frequent lemma, see Table 2) that is also over-used (see Table 6). Antanagoge. Le discours des premiers ministres qubcois: 1960-2005. By exploring myths and truths surrounding Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, students think critically about commonly believed stories regarding this famous speech from the Civil War era. This set of words indicates the political electoral parlance or recurrent words used by politicians during an election. So scholars call that stochastic terrorism. stream Finally, her email case and FBI investigations were a real concern for her image in the public, especially during the general election campaign. One can also see that all values are relatively close to 19, except for Trump who is adopting an even more simple and direct communication style. Skills: In completing this assignment, you will practice the following skills that are essential to your success at MCC and your professional life beyond school. 'we, us, ours', or 'wars, war') or lemmas (dictionary entries such as 'we' or 'war . Trump's intended audience while giving the speech is to his loyal supporters. These morphological tags (Marcus et al., 1993) correspond mainly to those used in the Brown corpus (Francis and Kucera, 1982). Bushs speech to children in 1991, and Ronald Reagans speech to children in 1988. How does repetition create meaning in this excerpt? From these analyses, one can observe, for example, that governmental institutions tend to smooth out the differences between political parties when exercising command. The president must make a speech that appeals to the audience while being professional. You will first choose the speech you will analyze for the final speech. Thus, which keywords or expressions can well describe each candidate and can be used to denote his/her difference? Students then evaluate the impact of the This strategy guide clarifies the difference between persuasion and argumentation, stressing the connection between close reading of text to gather evidence and formation of a strong argumentative claim about text. They defined the psychological portrait both on single measurements (e.g. To answer these questions, the current study will focus on the US primaries TV debates. The students will discuss their speeches and their research thus far. A text or a dialogue with a high percentage of BW tends to be more complex to understand. Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address Rhetorical Analysis. MERCIECA: First of all, he communicates like a demagogue and not like a president. So he wants to show his audience how phony the interview is. Though the question may seem puzzlingtoo hard, or too simpleat first, students will eventually identify, as Aristotle did, the need for a speaker, a message, and an audience. What is Reagan's main purpose in this passage? we, us, ours, or wars, war) or lemmas (dictionary entries such as we or war from the previous example) often lead to similar conclusions. The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. To have a better overall measurement of the topical concentration of a text, The intertextual distance between Text A and Text B is computed according to, This formulation assumes that both texts have the same length (, Vote for me. As an additional global stylistic measurement, the frequency of big words (composed of six letters or more, and denoted BW) can be analyzed (Tausczik and Pennebaker, 2010). Entering History: Nikki Giovanni and Martin Luther King, Jr. Freedom of Speech and Automatic Language: Examining the Pledge of Allegiance, Giving Voice to Students Through "This I Believe" Podcasts, For Argument's Sake: Playing "Devil's Advocate" with Nonfiction Texts, And in Conclusion: Inquiring into Strategies for Writing Effective Conclusions, Developing Evidence-Based Arguments from Texts. Clinton appears with the largest number of tokens, followed by Sanders, Trump, Rubio, and Cruz. This is indicated when Trump scrutinizes Obama as a leader by . ReadWriteThink Notetaker: Students use this interactive tool to help them track their notes they take in preparation for their essay. In another study, Yu (2013) reveals that (political) feminine figures tend to use emotional words more frequently and employ more personal pronouns than men. Applying this procedure, the term specificity can be computed according to the text P0. These are effective because it brings almost a third dimension to his speech. On the bottom part, one can find the Democrats, with a shorter distance between Clinton and Sanders than with OMalley. So the way you do it is you pass a tax plan like the tax plan I've introduced: a simple flat tax, 10 percent for individuals, and a 16 percent business flat tax, you abolish the IRS and here's the critical point, Maria, the business flat tax enables us to abolish the corporate income tax, the death tax, the Obamacare taxes, the payroll taxes, and they're border-adjustable, so every export pays no taxes whatsoever. (T. Cruz, 14 January 2016), And I'll tell you, Hugh you know, it's interesting now that Donald promises that he will appoint justices who who will defend religious liberty, but this is a man who, for 40 years, has given money to Jimmy Carter, to Joe Biden, to Hillary Clinton, to Chuck Schumer, to Harry Reid. (T. Cruz, 25 February 2016).

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