which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. Timeline of the European colonization of North America In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. Their legacy is firmly a part of our national story and patrimony, and it highlights the common heritage the United States shares with Spain, Mexico and Latin America. Illness played a much greater role in the citys downfall than violence. How do we know that? Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. "Juzgado General de Indios del Per o Juzgado Particular de Indios de el cercado de Lima.". Muldoon, James. Once on the mainland, where there were dense indigenous populations in urban settlements, the Spanish could build a Spanish settlement on the same site, dating its foundation to when that occurred. [10] The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Caaris. Most agriculture and ranching supplied local needs, since transportation was difficult, slow, and expensive. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. Cook, Noble David. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). 37 (2) May 1957. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. The Spanish Colonization owned the western part of north america and was later deafeted which lead to the mannifest destiny patriotism that is America . The monarch was head of the civil and religious hierarchies. How did spain handle all the inflation? Zumrraga was reprimanded for his actions as exceeding his authority. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. PDF English, French, and Spanish Colonies: A Comparison - Granbury ISD Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The Spanish founded San Sebastin de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. The salary of officials during the Habsburg era were paltry, but the corregidor or alcalde mayor in densely populated areas of indigenous settlement with a valuable product could use his office for personal enrichment. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. Dressing, J. David. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. 30 seconds. i think those dresses look horrid on toughs poor little girls. Direct link to Bailey's post So did the Caste System d, Posted 5 years ago. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. 2, p. 99. Spanish explorers claimed land for the crown in the modern-day states of Alabama, Arizona, the Carolinas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, and California. Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. Timeline showing some of the major events and the earliest European colonies in North America. The labor of dense populations of Tainos were allocated as grants to Spanish settlers in an institution known as the encomienda, where particular indigenous settlements were awarded to individual Spaniards. Pedro de Mendoza and Domingo Martnez de Irala, who led the original expedition, went inland and founded Asuncin, Paraguay, which became the Spaniards' base. I believe the caste system in new spain decided who got certain rights and not. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. Although during the rule of Charles V, the Spanish Empire was the first to be called "The empire on which the sun never sets", under Philip II the permanent colonization of the Philippine Islands made it demonstrably true. The Jesuits were effective missionaries in frontier areas until their expulsion from Spain and its empire in 1767. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. [101] In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI issued a less sweeping apology for the wrongs done in the conversion of indigenous peoples. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. Although there were restrictions of appointees' ties to local elite society and participation in the local economy, they acquired dispensations from the cash-strapped crown. [78] Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . A mixed-race casta population came into being during the colonial era. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as, Hoping to gain power over the city, Corts took, Following his defeat, Corts slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. The conquest of the Aztec Empire involved the combined effort of armies from many indigenous allies, spearheaded by a small Spanish force of conquistadors. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. Borah, Woodrow. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. "California Indian Characteristics". The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. [150] With the 1992 commemoration (and critique) of Columbus, more cinematic and television depictions of the era appeared, including a TV miniseries with Gabriel Byrne as Columbus. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. Spain was driven by three main motivations. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. Vol. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. In 1810 Mexico declared independence, with the Mexican War of Independence following for over a decade. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. Puerto Rico continues to be a possession of the United States, now officially continues as a self-governing unincorporated territory. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. - St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. Latin America is generally understood to consist of the entire continent of South America in addition to Mexico, Central America, and the . Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. The crown attempted to curb Spaniards' exploitation, banning Spaniards' bequeathing their private grants of indigenous communities' tribute and encomienda labor in 1542 in the New Laws. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. 1, pp. [45] In 1565, Spain established a settlement in St. Augustine, Florida, lasting in one way or another until modern times. The pope was the head of the Catholic Church, but the granting of the Patronato Real to the Spanish monarchy gave the king the power of appointment (patronage) of ecclesiastics. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cdiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. [115] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditchs and bridges, supervising the public health, regulating the festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. The. The Kingdom of Portugal authorized a series of voyages down the coast of Africa and when they rounded the southern tip, were able to sail to India and further east. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. Judges (oidores) held "formidable power. Benedict. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share. Direct link to trell2267's post Why didn't the spanish ju, Posted 3 years ago. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." Spalding, Karen. [29][31] This Mapuche victory laid the foundation for the establishment of a Spanish-Mapuche frontier called La Frontera. [13] Question 1. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. In August 1521, Corts claimed Tenochtitln for Spain and renamed it, Corts was also aided by a Nahua woman called. In the Caribbean, because there was no integrated indigenous civilization such as found in Mexico and Peru, there was no large-scale Spanish conquest of indigenous peoples, but there was indigenous resistance to Spanish colonization. Alcaldas mayores were larger districts with a royal appointee, the Alcalde mayor. AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet The Spanish did establish the settlement of Chile in 1541, founded by Pedro de Valdivia. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". Cushner, Nicolas P. Argentina: The Colonial Period in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigorney Weaver as Queen Isabel. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. Direct link to Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary)'s post The Aztecs witnessed the , Posted 4 years ago. 15001850), Learn how and when to remove this template message, Timeline of imperialism Colonization of North America, Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, "Interacciones entre espaoles de Chilo y Chonos en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Pedro y Francisco Delco, Ignacio y Cristbal Talcapilln y Martn Olleta", "Spain, the United States & the American Frontier: Historias Paralelas", "Where the Landing of the First Africans in English North America Really Fits in the History of Slavery", "The Record of Ponce de Leon's Discovery of Florida, 1513", "The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century La Florida", "Background | the Last Conquistador | POV | PBS", Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996, "Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administracin espaola en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII", "Las instituciones polticas en la regin de Cuyo", "Genocide and the Hispanic-American Dilemma", "Pope asks forgiveness for errors of the Church", "El gobierno y la imagen de la Monarqua Hispnica en los viajeros de los siglos XVI y XVII.

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