Because of the poor electrical conductivity of the -SiC particles compared to the base ethylene glycol and propylene glycols ( p < < bf), case (1) therefore holds accordingly. 40-48, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 90, 2015, pp. Thermal conductivity of nanoparticle-fluid mixture. Thermophysical, rheological and electrical properties of The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. [27] analysis if the value of C/Ck<4 then the nanofluid is heat transfer beneficial fluid. The stable PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids were prepared by dispersing ND acid treated, The nanodiamond (ND) particles were produced using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders.
Electrical conductivity measurements of nanofluids and - PubMed Copyright Clearance Center request page. Hybrid nanofluids aim to further improve the characteristics of mono nanofluids. The acid treated ND particles were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR and XPS. 0000017674 00000 n
and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Jee and Lee [11] used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and observed the removal of carbon impurities. Propylene Glycol Ethers Vajjha and Das [24] also prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based Al2O3, CuO and ZnO nanofluids and measured thermal conductivity up to 10.0vol.%. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. 2023, Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2023, International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2022, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Diamond and Related Materials, Volume 69, 2016, pp. Corresponding authors, a
[14] also used strong acids of H2SO4 and HNO3 in the molar ratio of 3:1 for the purification of UDD powders and prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% ethylene glycol/water mixture based ND nanofluids and estimated both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. Future research should focus on enhancing the dispersion stability of BNNB nanofluids and exploring the influence of BNNB morphology on the thermal conductivity and other thermophysical properties of nanofluids. The as-obtained LAGP thin film also possessed a high ionic conductivity of 2 10 5 S cm 1 at 25 C and a low electronic conductivity value of 1.1 10 9 S cm 1. During the preparation of UDD powders, igniter is used in the detonation process which causes metal and carbon impurities and those are aggregates or attached to the outer surface of the ND particles. There are different methods to purify the UDD powders. The synthesized environmentally friendly N-doped carbon quantum dots nanoparticles (N-CQDs) had a uniform particle size distribution, with particle sizes concentrated between 2 and 2.5nm. The purchased UDD powders treated with strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make them into single ND-crystals. The ultra-sonication technique was employed for preparing the mixture and results showed that the stability and thermal conductivity enhancements of Al2O3H2O nanofluids are highly dependent on sonication time and the energy supplied to the fluid for its preparation. Investigation on the Electrical Conductivity of Webviscosity, a relatively high specific heat and thermal conductivity, as well as good mixing with water and alcohols cause the ethylene glycol to be widely used in practice [13]. [27] analysis.knfkbf=1+Cknfbf=1+Cwhere, is the volume concentration, Ck and C are the thermal conductivity and viscosity enhancement coefficients. Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA. Due to the different particle sizes and shapes of nanoparticles, the proposed model can better predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of N-CQDs nanofluids compared with other empirical models. The overall heat transfer coefficient and nanofluid-side heat transfer coefficient under constant bath temperature condition were found to increase with increasing nanoparticle volume concentration. [12] also used acid mixtures of perchloric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (based on the procedure of Jang and Xu [13]) for the removal of carbon impurities from the UDD powders and prepared stable ND nanofluids in the base fluid of 55:45% ethylene glycol/water mixture and observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 18% at 2.0vol.%. [19] obtained viscosity enhancement of 80% for midel oil based ND nanofluids at 3.0wt.%. The peak near 1630cm1 represents the OH bending of physically adsorbed water and the hydrogen, Since the literature does not report for the thermal conductivity ratios of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W nanofluids, in Fig. The Raman, XRD and TEM analysis are also used on UDD and ND-acid treated nanoparticles.
108-65-6) Dipropylene Glycol Methyl Ether (DPM; CAS No. Based on the results, the thermal conductivity enhancements are 18.8%, 16.8% and 14.1% at 1.0 vol.% of 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% PG/W based nanofluids. The density, isobaric heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of the nanofluids are determined by the oscillating U-tube, differential scanning calorimetry, and transient hot wire methods, respectively. The carbon impurities present in the UDD powders have been removed using mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 [5], [6], [7], [8], [9]. 0000000918 00000 n
Forget about conductivity, it is directly related to temperature and is used in domestic/process water systems (water treatment) where you don't ha The carbon based materials such as multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene and nanodiamond (ND) materials contain high thermal conductivity compared to other materials. A binary mixture of propylene glycol and water at 20:80 mass ratio offers protection against freezing up to 265.98 K [13], making it suitable as a heat transfer fluid [15] observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 12% at 0.9vol.% of nanodiamond (ND)-poly (glycidol) polymer brush/EG nanofluids, similarly observed thermal conductivity enhancement of 11% at 1.0vol.% of ND.oleic acid/mineral oil nanofluids. New thermal conductivity and viscosity correlations were proposed by including the effects of volume concentrations and temperatures. The results are beneficial for the design and operation of micro-channel absorber plates. Pressure and temperature variation of the electrical conductivity of They also observed the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of ND particles based on the FTIR analysis. of propylene glycol Scaling effects such as viscous dissipation and entrance effects had insignificant impact on the measured average Nusselt number. endstream
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181 0 obj<. electrical Using propylene glycol (PG) without any dispersants as a salt-free medium, we measure the electrical conductivities of 20, 40, and 60 nm diameter ZnO nanoparticle dispersions up to 7% volume fraction, applying Ohshima's model to determine the limiting ionic conductance of the system. Nanofluid preparation and characterization Nanofluid preparation The preparation and properties of hybrid nanofluids containing diamond nanoparticles are analyzed and discussed in detail, and a list of potential uses for these enhanced heat transfer fluids in industrial and commercial applications is provided and deliberated. WebThermal conductivities for some common liquids at temperature 300 K (26.8 oC, 80.3 oF): 1 W/(m K) = 1 W/(m oC) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h
However, conjugate heat transfer and measurement uncertainties were significant. In this work, mono B4C and TiB2 and hybrid TiB2:B4C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80wt%. The statistical and graphical results showed that the proposed models are more precise and reliable than the existing ones in literature. 0000102258 00000 n
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The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission, C, respectively compared to their respective base fluids. of nanofluid, the exergy efficiency is 22.97%, while for ethylene glycol, it is 6.78%. Properties for Dowfrost (Propylene Glycol) Electrical conductivity for 50% at 25 deg C = 2,060 micromhos/cm and 249 micromhos/cm for 50% at 0 deg C. Looks 181-190, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 129, 2019, pp. A detailed procedure is presented for the implementation and evaluation, by Nano-Flash Method, of thermal conductivity of nanofluids with water as base fluid and at different volume concentrations of Al2O3. An estimation of the optimal supplied energy and time for sonication was suggested, while temperature and volumetric concentration effects on thermal conductivity are evaluated by measurements. A. O. Maselugbo, B. L. Sadiku and J. R. Alston,
Thus, the new prototype machine is suitable for sawing granite.
Here, we perform electrical characterizations of propylene glycol-based ZnO nanofluids with volume fractions as high as 7%, measuring up to a 100-fold increase in electrical conductivity over the base fluid. About 26% increase in coolant side heat transfer coefficient was obtained with 2vol.% ZnOPG nanofluid under constant bath temperature condition which could be attributed to thermal conductivity enhancement as well as improved natural convection due to viscosity reduction. 0000115846 00000 n
From the IR spectra, the UDD powders contain some functional groups of H, OH, COOH were clearly observed but the intensity is very low (black line). The UDD powders contains large quantity of carbon impurities, which can be removed using strong acid treatment, dry salt and dry sucrose to make UDD powders into single ND particles. WebPGI is a distilled product with a purity specification of minimum 99.5% and is available from The Dow Chemical Company in drum, IBC and bulk quantities. [34] for Al2O3/PG and TiO2/PG nanofluids. The thermal performance of the internal heat transfer fluid was an important factor affecting the heat transfer efficiency of the exchanger system. After cycling at 25 and 80 C, LiGe alloy was formed at the Li/LAGP interface as investigated by synchrotron high energy X-ray Diffraction (HEXRD) spectra (Figure 3b ). 0000003035 00000 n
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For 1.0% and a Reynolds number of 1454.4, the thermal performance factor is increased by 1.194-times above the basic fluid. The earlier works reveal the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of water, ethylene glycol, mineral oil and midel oil based ND nanofluids. PGI is a colorless, water soluble, hygroscopic liquid with a characteristic glycol odor, medium viscosity, low vapor The effect of BNNB concentration in carrier fluids on nanofluid thermal conductivity was investigated by introducing BNNBs into ethylene glycol-water and propylene glycol-water mixtures at 010 wt%. They obtained increases of 10.4% and 9.9% for 0.5 vol% concentration of Fe3O4 [14] and 1 vol% concentration of nanodiamonds [15] at 293.15 K, respectively. However, the penalty in friction factor and pressure drop is 17.28% and 14.24% under the same Reynolds number and 1.0vol% nanofluid over the base fluid. The dataset includes 13 different nanofluids with temperature from 30.00 to 149.15C, particle size from 5.00 to 150.00nm, particle thermal conductivity from 1.20 to 1000.00W/mk, particle volume fractions from 0.01 to11.22%, and base fluid thermal conductivity from 0.11 to 0.69W/mk. 0000086285 00000 n
Branson et al.
Complex Coolant Fluid for PEM Fuel Different weight or mass ratios of ethylene glycol/water (EG/W) or propylene glycol/water (PG/W) fluids are commonly used as engine coolants for automobile radiators and also used as coolant for electronic equipments, heating industrial and residential buildings in the cold countries of the world such as Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe and Russia, because of its low freezing point i.e. Thereby, nanofluids have proven to be useful in applications, especially electronic cooling, where increasing thermal properties and avoiding electrical conductivity are vital. Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of 50/50 Water [20] obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 17.23% for ND/EG nanofluid at 1.0vol.% at a temperature of 30C. The Choi [1] and his team developed nanofluids (fluids contain nanometer size particles) and obtained higher thermal conductivity compared to base fluids. Sundar et al. Conjugate heat transfer was found to reduce the Nusselt number which agrees with the literature, this also resulted in a Peclet number dependent Nusselt number. 8 . Progress and Perspectives of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Correlations for the thermo-physical properties of the nanofluid were developed. Download : Download high-res image (216KB)Download : Download full-size image.
One of the authors (L.S.S.) The strong acid treatment on UDD powders, the carboxyl groups are formed on the surface of ND particles, which can be clearly observed in the IR spectra (red line). The ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders were purchased from International Technology Centre, USA (http://www.itc-inc.org) with the following specifications: 98% purity, 510nm particle core size, cubic shape, grey color, 300400m2/g specific surface area. Accurate estimation of thermal conductivity (TC) of nanofluids is essential in thermophysical studies of nanofluids. This study investigates theoretically and experimentally the electrical and thermal conductivities of 50/50 water-ethylene glycol based TiO 2 nanofluids with nanoparticle concentrations in the range of 0.05-0.5 vol%. The frictional exergy destruction is found to contribute together with heat transfer exergy destruction to the total entropy of the SCHE system. p^h72n*
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:qz*jn88H1 Z'2P?[-ik,2T0!L The different weight ratios of propylene glycol/water mixtures are used as base. Group method of data handling (GMDH) and gene expression programming (GEP) as two white-box powerful models were used for modeling. 0000087536 00000 n
Conductivity Another method for removing the carbon impurities from the UDD powders is with dry salt or dry sucrose [10]. Fig. Therefore, there is no literature on the thermal properties of PG/W mixture based ND nanofluids. MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) or C2H6O2. Energy . The main advantages of this measurement technique are short measurement times, easy sample preparation and high accuracy. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. The results show that the contact area between the blade and granite is not following a straight line, and the time required for stone sawing is only one half of the full sawing cycle. Table 8-3-1 - Properties of mixture Water/Glycol - CERN The UDD powders can be treated with strong acids such as HNO3, mixture of H2SO4/HNO3, K2Cr2O7 in H2SO4, KOH/KNO3 to remove the carbon impurities [3], [4]. Prasher et al. Sundar et al. The other chemicals such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), sodium chloride (NaCl), sucrose (C12H22O11) and propylene glycol (C3H8O2) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals, USA. 0000133274 00000 n
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The eccentric hinge guide mechanism facilitates the formation of both matrix tails on the segments and a group of more new micro cutting edges, which improve diamond stability as well as self-sharpening. Since water is seen as the golden standard in thermal conductivity, higher concentrations of ethylene glycol in a water solution will cause heat to pass through it slower, therefore, the lower the amount of ethylene glycol in the mixture, the more efficient it is at conducting heat. A sawing test and a simulation were carried out to analyze the sawing trajectory, the surface topography of the segments and the percentage of worn diamond particles. These plates are to be used in a proposed compact (thin and light-weight) solar thermal flat plate collector (FPC). would like to thank FCT for his post-doctoral research grant: SFRH/BPD/79104/2011. Propylene glycol If you want to reproduce the whole article
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[23] first time prepared 60:40% (weight ratio) of EG/W based CuO nanofluids and observed viscosity enhancement of 4.5-times and 3.1-times at 6.12vol.% at temperatures of 35C to 50C.
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Based on the above methods the acid treatment method is more effective compared to other salt and sucrose methods. The thermal conductivity of 0.1vol% of N-CQDs nanofluid increased by 43.21% at 50C compared to the base fluid. 0000087804 00000 n
The thermal entropy generation is decreased by 31.78% and the frictional entropy generation is raised by 22.50% over the basic fluid data at 1.0% and Reynolds number of 1454.4. [16] prepared 20% of water and 50% of engine oil based ND nanofluids and obtained thermal conductivity enhancement of 25% at 1.0wt.% Taha-Tijerina et al. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission
Viscosity, electrical and thermal conductivities of WebDOWFROSTfluid is a formulation of 95.5 percent propylene glycol, dipotassium phosphate and water. In addition, it was found that the proposed models could capture the physically expected trends with variation of temperature, size of nanoparticles, and volume fraction. Nanoscale, 2023, Advance Article
107-98-2) Propylene Glycol Methyl Ether Acetate (PMA; CAS No. The Prasher et al. The theoretical models of Maxwell and Einstein have failed to estimate the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids as a function of temperature. The thermal conductivity results here reported can be compared with those previously published by Sundar et al. From the Prasher et al. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and Raman spectra was also performed on acid treated ND particles. The hot fluid volume flow rate was fixed to 1 lit/min, whereas, the cold fluid (nanofluid) volume flow rate was varied from 2 to 6 lit/min. WebIn this study the electrical conductivity of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), silicon dioxide (SiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles dispersed in propylene glycol and water mixture The results showed that BNNBs enhanced thermal conductivity of carrier fluids up to 45%, and the enhancement was proportional to the concentration of BNNBs in the carrier fluid. At 1.0vol% of nanofluid and a Reynolds number of 1454.4 in comparison to the base fluid, the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient are boosted by 29.43%, 45.01%, and a friction factor penalty of 27.59%, respectively.
The earlier works reveals the preparation, estimation of thermal conductivity and viscosity of PG/W mixture based Al2O3, CuO, and Fe3O4 nanofluids. In the heat exchanger, the hot fluid passes through the shell side and the cold fluid (nanofluid) passes through the helical coil side. V.C.1 Complex Coolant Fluid for PEM Fuel Cells - Energy The proportion of micro-fractured and good diamonds in the new frame saw machine are 45% and 25%, respectively, and the productivity of the new machine is between 6 and 15m2/h. WebUsing the results for propylene glycol/water with corrosion inhibitor and nanoparticles, for over 3,000 hours of operation, the conductivity of the solution would have gone up to about 27 mS/cm-hr. Nanodiamondwater nanofluids were prepared and estimated the thermal conductivity, viscosity and also estimated their potential use in heat transfer applications. 180 30
In this particular system we are using an expansion tank with a bladder, so we don't have a make-up pump. An enhancement of thermal conductivity with respect to temperature and volumetric concentration is found, as expected. Results showed that ND nanofluids achieved higher heat transfer coefficients than the base fluid. Experimental research was done on the heat transfer, entropy generation, and exergy efficiency of ethylene glycol (EG) based nanodiamond (ND) nanofluids flowing in a circular tube. Similarly, at 1.0vol% and Reynolds number of 2702, the thermal entropy generation is dropped by 38.12%, frictional entropy generation is raised by 12.86%, exergy efficiency is enhanced by 36.48% and thermal performance factor is augmented by 1.2094 times over the base fluid. 5. Annual production of propylene glycol in provided correct acknowledgement is given. 0000047379 00000 n
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Yu et al. Chemical treatment was used to make ND nanoparticles with an average size of 5.42nm. 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. The optimized method for purifying the UDD powders is established. For reliability, Electrical conductivity of aqueous Propylene glycol (PG/W-30/70) is determined (30EG/70W) as a for three times and the same is compared with Forced convection experiments were performed on an instrumented metal plate with micro-channels. These values are significantly larger than that of the marble frame saw. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders of an average size of 0.12.0m have been used by Dolmatov [2] for the preparation of ND nanofluids, but he faced serious agglomeration problem with UDD powders in the base fluid. *
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Islam, R.; Shabani, B. 1123-1135, Experimental thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanodiamond-based propylene glycol and water mixtures, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2016.07.007, nm can be produced in large quantity by using commercially available ultra-dispersed diamond (UDD) powders. WebPropylene glycol is a colourless liquid that is relatively viscous, has no odour, and tastes slightly sweet. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures
please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. FPx[[cu/Ajl22jw+x{5DD93o9$C y6q`xTu/~:'KY'Nf700zGRb9 cyI/
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uoDG0x5zUK;EI[".WzVkE=*j\2U]O sh`5 The thermal conductivity and viscosity of ND nanofluids were estimated experimentally at different particle concentrations and temperatures. Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The present findings are consistent with those of Palabiyik et al. In addition, both cutting efficiency and slab flatness were recorded. <50C [21]. Measuring glycol concentrations by electrical conductivity is not recommended, especially in process systems, heat exchangers, etc. The quality of The two-step approach was used to create ND nanofluids with volume concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 1.0%. [34], in which the nanofluids prepared in pure PG have lower thermal conductivity enhancement than that of. The hybrid nanofluid presents intermediate values between those of the mono nanofluids for all the properties except dynamic viscosity. [18] observed thermal conductivity enhancements of 7.2% and 9.8% for water based ND nanofluids at 3.0vol.% at temperatures of 30C and 50C, respectively. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. k5fX.TX#HksQ}
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BNNBs exhibit high thermal conductivity due to efficient phonon transfer and they are electrical insulators owing to their wide bandgap. Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Properties However, those results have not been collectively compared or discussed. DOW Propylene Glycol, Industrial Grade [25], [26] also prepared 20:80%, 40:60% and 60:40% EG/W based Fe3O4 nanofluids and measured both thermal conductivity and viscosity experimentally. Chemical co-precipitation was used for the synthesis of large quantity of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average particle size of 11.42nm. In this study, the thermal conductivity of graphene/propylene glycol nanofluids is tested using the Hot Disk TPS-500S thermal constants analyzer (Hot Disk AB, Gteborg, Sweden). The stability, thermophysical properties and rheological characteristics of N-CQDs nanofluids were investigated. 245-255, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 91, 2015, pp. We are continuing our optimization to bring this level down by an order of magnitude (which is accepted by almost all the fuel cell manufacturers). 209 0 obj<>stream
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WebIn this work, mono B 4 C and TiB 2 and hybrid TiB 2:B 4 C nanoadditives are used for the first time to design nanofluids based on propylene glycol:water 20:80 wt%. The purification of UDD powders is important for achieving good stable nanofluids. FROZKHQ KHDWHGLQWKH+9HOHFWULFILHOG The formation of carboxyl (COOH) groups on the surface of nanodiamond was analyzed by FTIR. Under constant heat flux conditions, ZnOPG nanofluids exhibited linear increase in heat removal rates with increasing nanoparticle concentration. The single phase heat transfer fluids such as water (W), ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG) and engine oil (EO) are primarily used in may industrial applications, among others, power, chemical and food industries. The GMDH model showed a better performance compared to GEP, and could predict all data with an average absolute relative error of 2.27% in training and 2.44% in testing data set. This paper reviews and summarizes the experimental values of the physical and thermal properties, including an appropriate focus on the thermal conductivity enhancement, of nanodiamond-nanofluid systems found in the literature as well as different techniques for thermal conductivity measurement. trailer
The exergy analysis and heat transfer characteristics pertaining to the heat exchanger were also investigated. 0000088822 00000 n
Theoretical approach is used to identify the heat transfer benefits of the prepared propylene glycol/water based ND nanofluids in laminar and turbulent flow conditions using the, Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation, Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids, Viscosity of alumina nanoparticles dispersed in car engine coolant, Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol and water mixture based Fe, Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of three nanofluids and development of new correlations, Numerical study of turbulent flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids considering variable properties, Experimental investigation on the thermal transport properties of ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing low volume concentration diamond nanoparticles, Thermal transport properties of diamond-based nanofluids and nanocomposites, Volume fraction and temperature variations of the effective thermal conductivity of nanodiamond fluids in deionized water, Enhanced thermal properties of nanodiamond nanofluids, Increase of nanodiamond crystal size by selective oxidation, Experimental investigation of heat transfer and effectiveness of employing water and ethylene glycol mixture based Fe
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electrical conductivity of propylene glycol water mixture