causes and effects of the second industrial revolution

"Modeling the Transition to a New Economy: Lessons from Two Technological Revolutions,". Causes of Industrial Revolution 2. This mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers. 1) Capitalism. [101], In the early 1900s there was a disparity between the levels of employment seen in the northern and southern United States. Major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution is followed by the Third Industrial Revolution starting in 1947. He is exhibiting in his hand a replica of his first successful incandescent lamp which gave 16 candlepower of illumination, in contrast to the latest lamp, a 50,000 watt, 150,000 candlepower lamp. Between 1870 and 1900, almost all industrialized nations enjoyed booming economies that led to dramatically lower consumer prices, resulting in greatly improved living conditions. Political Ideas. Historians have identified several causes for the Industrial Revolution, including: the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution. It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe. The changing world of the Second Industrial Revolution also led to fears by social critics about the loss of freedom, autonomy and independence that is replaced by boredom, repetition and toil, according to Freeman. The second most important reason was the improvements in health in sanitation. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. [6] The Otto engine soon began being used to power automobiles, and remains as today's common gasoline engine. People are coming from rural backgrounds who are used to self-directing their work, which is organized around the seasons and light, Freeman says. Long-distance transportation networks connected by rail, steamship and canals opened new markets for farmers, factory owners and bankers who could bring Americas natural resources to a global marketplace. The 3rd most important reason was the effective sewage system and cleaner water. Applied science opened many opportunities. The early technique of hot blast used iron for the regenerative heating medium. [42] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States. The petroleum industry, both production and refining, began in 1848 with the first oil works in Scotland. [55] This led to many business failures and periods that were called depressions that occurred as the world economy actually grew. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 31 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased, as their wage rates grew[100] Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise. The Second Industrial Revolution affected the regions of the United States differently. [6], A synergy between iron and steel, railroads and coal developed at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. What Are The Causes Of The Second Industrial Revolution READ: The Industrial Revolution (article) | Khan Academy Social and Political Impact of the Second Phase of the Industrial The salt domes also held natural gas, which some wells produced and which was used for evaporation of the brine. Living standards improved significantly in the newly industrialized countries as the prices of goods fell dramatically due to the increases in productivity. Transportation Effects: 1. Archive maintained by 'The Pedal Club'. [33] During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards. The trajectory of this phase of human development must wait for future historians to write. Evelyn_Farbman. [56] Dunlop's development of the pneumatic tyre arrived at a crucial time in the development of road transport and commercial production began in late 1890. Both were replaced by electricity for street lighting following the 1890s and for households during the 1920s. This, plus the opening of the Suez Canal, led to the decline of the great warehousing districts in London and elsewhere, and the elimination of many middlemen. The Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed in London in 1856 to undertake construction of a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. Improvements in steam engine design and the wide availability of cheap steel meant that slow, sailing ships were replaced with faster steamship, which could handle more trade with smaller crews. What were the causes and effects of the Second Industrial Revolution in The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. Standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity. At the same time, ideas and news spread via newspapers, the radio and telegraph. Sorby pioneered the study of iron and steel under microscope, which paved the way for a scientific understanding of metal and the mass-production of steel. Centralized expertise in the home office was not enough. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [47] The superiority of screw against paddles was taken up by navies. The development of more intricate and efficient machines along with mass production techniques (after 1910) greatly expanded output and lowered production costs. Since Germany industrialized later, it was able to model its factories after those of Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. [105], Belgium during the Belle poque showed the value of the railways for speeding the Second Industrial Revolution. It featured wire wheels (unlike carriages' wooden ones)[59] with a four-stroke engine of his own design between the rear wheels, with a very advanced coil ignition [60] and evaporative cooling rather than a radiator. For example, industrial standardization marked an evolution in the arms industry, says Satia, author of Empire of Guns: The Making of the Industrial Revolution. The steam turbine was developed by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884. As a result, production often exceeded domestic demand. Chapter 24 Lesson Review Flashcards | Quizlet Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor. "Sir Joseph Swan, The Literary & Philosophical Society of Newcastle", M. S. Vassiliou, Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry, Scarecrow Press 2009, page 13, "History and Design of Propellers: Part 1". In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. Did Cotton Drive the Industrial Revolution? Even though the second Industrial Revolution of machinery had a beneficial impact on the US economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it was limited, and the lack of government regulation essentially hurt the country's development as a whole. Considered to have been triggered by the invention of the Bessemer process for the cost-effective production of steel and the associated expansion of the U.S. railroad system, the period resulted in an unprecedented increase in industrial production. Britain retained its belief in free trade throughout this period. [14] His process was especially valuable on the continent of Europe, where the proportion of phosphoric iron was much greater than in England, and both in Belgium and in Germany the name of the inventor became more widely known than in his own country. Ball and roller bearings also began being used in machinery. These governors came into use in the late 18th century on wind and water mills to correctly position the gap between mill stones, and were adapted to steam engines by James Watt. The practice of child labor remained common until 1938 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FSLA) imposed the first nationwide compulsory federal regulation of wages and working hours. Omissions? The statistics that reflect the effects of industrialization are staggering. Not only did the longer sections of steel rails allow for tracks to be laid far faster, more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, which greatly increased the productivity of the railroads. This caused unemployment and great upheavals in commerce and industry, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories, ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span. Scottish scientist James Clerk Maxwell was particularly influentialhis discoveries ushered in the era of modern physics. This led to the reorganization of railroads into different departments with clear lines of management authority. The division of labor made both unskilled and skilled labor more productive, and led to a rapid growth of population in industrial centers. [31] Household electrification did not become common until the 1920s, and then only in cities. While it was a period of unprecedented progress and innovation that propelled some people into vast wealth, it also condemned many to poverty, creating a deep social chasm between the industrial machine and the working middle class that fueled it. For many, the shift from rural to factory life was gruelingespecially for children. He also teaches science writing at Johns Hopkins University. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel, but Siemens did not initially use it in that manner. We discovered that for six weeks they had worked from seven in the morning until nine at night, Addams later wrote, and they were exhausted as well as satiated. Use this chart to identify the causes and effects of these events in the North, South, West, and Midwest. The great inventions and innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution are part of our modern life. The first to make durable rails of steel rather than wrought iron was Robert Forester Mushet at the Darkhill Ironworks, Gloucestershire in 1857. The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. 02.01 Regions Chart and Written Response - Brainly.com Air pollution continued to rise in the 1800s, causing respiratory illness and higher death rates in areas that burned more coal. A Beginner's Guide to the Industrial Revolution. The ship was constructed mainly from wood, but Brunel added bolts and iron diagonal reinforcements to maintain the keel's strength. This started a new era for paper making,[39] and, together with the invention of the fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. Invented in 1856 by Sir Henry Bessemer, the Bessemer process allowed for the mass-production of steel. To achieve this aim, the engine cylinders were not immobile as in most engines, but secured in the middle by trunnions which allowed the cylinders themselves to pivot back and forth as the crankshaft rotated, hence the term oscillating. John Boyd Dunlop developed the first practical pneumatic tyre in 1887 in South Belfast. The German concern system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. [81], The telephone was patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, and like the early telegraph, it was used mainly to speed business transactions. By 1900, the U.S. Census revealed that 25% of the American population was foreign-born. Created by. Spicemas Launch 28th April, 2023 | entertainment, news presenter | GBN 51, 103116 & Preston, A., & Major, 1965, J., Send a gunboat. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution. developed by the Nobel prize-winning chemists Carl Bosch of IG Farben and Fritz Haber in Germany. You could produce all the parts of a gun and assemble any set and make a gun, Satia says. The Industrial Revolution gave way to a sustainable economy, in which supply equaled demand. Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor in 1886. Both revolutions were motivated by a desire to increase work . Broadberry, Stephen, and Kevin H. O'Rourke. By making it cost-effective to build new rail lines, steel enabled the rapid expansion of Americas railroad network. 4. What Caused the Second Industrial Revolution? In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. James Clerk Maxwell wrote a paper mathematically analyzing the actions of governors, which marked the beginning of the formal development of control theory. Massive improvements in public health and sanitation resulted from public health initiatives, such as the construction of the London sewerage system in the 1860s and the passage of laws that regulated filtered water supplies(the Metropolis Water Act introduced regulation of the water supply companies in London, including minimum standards of water quality for the first time in 1852). Northern Europe produced all of the goods, made more money, and the workers living conditions were higher. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. Six years later, in 1863, the rail seemed as perfect as ever, although some 700 trains had passed over it daily. Factories produced sewing machines for home use, steel girders for skyscrapers and railroad tracks that cut through the plains and mountains. [75] The process used molecular nitrogen (N2) and methane (CH4) gas in an economically sustainable synthesis of ammonia (NH3). The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial . Download Free Worksheet View answer key The Cowper stove is still used in today's blast furnaces. [88], Railroads involved complex operations and employed extremely large amounts of capital and ran a more complicated business compared to anything previous. Using the documents in this primary source set, students can create a timeline of important events in the Industrial Revolution. Old engraved illustration of Manufacture of Steel by Bessemer's Process. Early 20th-century films like Fritz Langs sci-fi dystopia Metropolis or Charlie Chaplins assembly line comedy Modern Times capture this fear of the factory worker as a human robot. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield), 700pp, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTemple1986 (. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover. Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. This led to what was called "railroad accounting", which was later adopted by steel and other industries, and eventually became modern accounting.[89]. [34] Henry Ford is quoted as saying that mass production would not have been possible without electricity because it allowed placement of machine tools and other equipment in the order of the work flow. [19] Rail became the dominant form of transport infrastructure throughout the industrialized world,[20] producing a steady decrease in the cost of shipping seen for the rest of the century.[18]. Towards the end of the century, Perkin and other British companies found their research and development efforts increasingly eclipsed by the German chemical industry which became world dominant by 1914. Henry Ford built his first car in 1896 and worked as a pioneer in the industry, with others who would eventually form their own companies, until the founding of Ford Motor Company in 1903. At the same time, however, industrialization and urbanization drastically reduced the share of the population engaged in agriculture. A railroad required expertise available across the whole length of its trackage, to deal with daily crises, breakdowns and bad weather. [32][45] Similar developments around Baku fed the European market. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 1520 Words 7 Pages Decent Essays Read More The Industrial Revolution And The War Of 1812 His first model was connected to a dynamo that generated 7.5kW (10hp) of electricity. The shift away from agriculture toward industry had occurred in Britain by the 1730s, when the percentage of the working population engaged in agriculture fell below 50%, a development that would only happen elsewhere (the Low Countries) in the 1830s and '40s. In some cases, the advancement of such mechanization substituted for low-skilled workers altogether. Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and unhealthy. When the averages of all southern states and all northern states are taken, the trend holds with the North over-performing by about 2 percent, and the South under-performing by about 1 percent. [52] The oscillating engine was first built by Aaron Manby and Joseph Maudslay in the 1820s as a type of direct-acting engine that was designed to achieve further reductions in engine size and weight.

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